The Columbian Exchange Of The New World - 1523 Words

During the establishment of the New World, blacks imported through the Columbian Exchange to North America arrived to fulfill the labor needs in the Southern colonies. As these servants became socially subordinate to their white plantation owners, racial divisions took shape in colonial society (New World Labor Systems). Legislative action taken to deprive black individuals of their rights and privileges arose in the 1660s in the Chesapeake colonies. The practice of slavery grew and prospered under the support of white, Southern plantation owners in the newly established United States. The questionable morality of slavery was questioned during the Civil War, which divided the United States into the Union and the Confederacy. Following its†¦show more content†¦This historic motion also evoked a greater motivation in African Americans for their pursuit to achieve racial integration on a national platform. The â€Å"separate but equal† ruling in the 1896 Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson extended into many facets of everyday life in America. This doctrine led to the passage of laws that separated blacks from whites and reinforced blacks’ social inferiority during this period. Educational buildings, restrooms, hotels and even hospitals all had separate facilities to accommodate the white and black races. This judicial outcome forced African Americans to face further racial oppression, while igniting new legal discrimination in their communities (Berman). African American families grappled with these circumstances, fully aware of the unjust and unequal treatment they now faced. However, change would come as Oliver Brown, an African American from Topeka, Kansas, sued the Topeka Board of Education in 1951. The public school building in Brown’s neighborhood barred his daughter because of her black skin color. Different from other school cases during this time, t he Brown case focused on the inequality of segregated education rather than just highlighting the poorer conditions of black schools. In preliminary hearings, NAACP had the Legal Defense Fund, or LDF, lawyers of Robert Carter and Jack Greenberg take on the case in Topeka. Despite

The First Racial Issues Of America - 787 Words

What I would like to investigate about the course theme of â€Å"America† two major issues I will consider. The first racial issues second obesity. We all know the issues when it comes to these two topics especially here in America. The biggest part about racial is the class inequalities and the injustice that is going on today. Not only with black people also immigrants, until we don’t apply what Martin Luther King said in his speech at the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963 he said, â€Å"When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, ‘Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!† Another quote that really I could say that apply more to the poor p eople with no type of power is this one also from Martin Luther King he says, â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Furthermore, lets mention a little about obesity how many children’s are obese, because of all the unhealthy food that they eat. Many want to blame obesity on the fast food restaurant, which to me they are not responsible for everything that has to do with people been obese. Why I say that well, lets say if people will cook and eat more healthy food, and buy less junk food obesity wont be a big issue.Show MoreRelatedChange: Racial Tensions Since Obama’s Presidency1402 Words   |  6 PagesRacial tensions are a prominent issue in today’s society. Barack Obama being the first elected African American president has led America to a cultural evolution. As our country grows in diversity everyday it is important for citizens to recognize the change in racial tensions across the nation. Racial tension has always existed, esp ecially here in the South, but it has changed particularly during Obama’s presidency. Racial tensions have changed in both positive and negative ways that affect everyoneRead MoreRacial Profiling Is Not Be Acknowledged As A Law Authorization1476 Words   |  6 PagesRacial profiling emerges as a standout amongst the most dubious issues in the United States of America as well as different parts of the world all the more so in the created nations. Basically, it includes the utilization of the ethnicity, race or nationality of a person as the fundamental variable of law authorization methodology, for example, arbitrary checks, capture and so forth. In the United States of America, racial profiling is generally considered by numerous individuals as an apparatusRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s I Have A Dream Speech1480 Words   |  6 PagesAugust 28, 1963. Throughout the decades, many have promoted the importance of racial equality in America. Leaders such as William J. Clinton, Barack Obama, and George W. Bush have contributed to modern social movements by, doing as Dr. King himself, giving speeches to varying audiences concerning the issue of racial inequality. Above all, Martin Luther King Jr made the strongest argument advocating racial equality in America because his speech remains well-organized and formatted, incorporates a varietyRead MoreRacial Discrimination : An American Civil Rights Activist942 Words   |  4 PagesAl Sharpton an American civil rights activist talked about racial discrimination in America today and said â€Å"As I often say, we have come a long way from the days of slavery, but in 2014, discrimination and inequality still saturates our society in modern ways. Though racism may be less blatant now in many cases, its existence is undeniable.† (Al Sharpton. BrainyQuote.com) Racial discrimination is a pessimistic reality that affects everyone in our society. Racism has destroyed and ended many livesRead MoreRaci al Discrimination in the United States1042 Words   |  5 Pagesremember whether it was owning a slave, killing another person just because of the color of his or her skin complexion, or making a racial joke about a classmate. Nobody is exactly identical to any other person. With that fact being stated, there is nothing to prove that one race can be superior to another. These facts being known, scientist have stopped studying racial differences all together, with the understanding that no person even of the same race is the same. Although these facts have beenRead MoreRacial Worldview And Its Impact On Our Understanding Of The World917 Words   |  4 Pages social policies and practices in America regarding race between 18th to 20th centuries reveals the emergence and development of racial worldview about human differences. Furthermore racial worldview affects our understanding of the world and it have negative consequences that it may lead to in daily life, a racial worldview is inherently divisive rather than uniting and gives rise to animosity, racial segregation, class domination and discrimination. First Body Paragraph Worldview is a personRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Civil Rights Movement1239 Words   |  5 PagesGiselle Cordero PSCI 246: Social Movements Outline Topic/Question: Have Black Lives Mattered? – Racial profiling in the justice system, increased incarceration of African Americans and the idea of â€Å"White Privilege† persists in the United States. 1. Introduction Even though America is the world dominating superpower and is known to intervene on behalf of the violation of human rights internationally, it fails to acknowledge and correct the flaws its legal and justice system present against itsRead MoreSocial Inequality Is An Important Issue In Today’S Society.1595 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Social inequality is an important issue in today’s society. Today, people face many inequalities based on their gender, race, religion, and disability status, yet there are many different ideologies and ongoing debate about social inequality. There are three perspectives concerning the issue of inequality in America. This paper will analyze an article about social inequality, â€Å"Gender, Race, and Income Gaps† by Richard Hogan and Carolyn Perrucci, and how it applies to the viewpoints concerningRead MoreRacial Discrimination Against African Americans857 Words   |  4 Pagessome legal organizations and communities that related to the racial discrimination issues in America (United States Department of Labor). Moreover, some of the sources also retrieved from well-known American newspapers, such as Washington Post (These ten charts show the black-white economic gap hasn’t budged in 50 years, 2013), which make the data and information are always pay attention a nd focused on problems that happened in America based on American perspective. Another reason that makes theRead MoreAddress Racial Inequalities : Past And Present1247 Words   |  5 Pagesaddress Racial Inequalities: Past and Present Introduction It is no secret that racial inequalities exist today and have for many years now. They have existed at many levels including institutional, collective, and personal. In this paper, I plan to show how previous policies created these inequalities, and explain how we can address these issues at all levels. I will also show which policies have had an impact on minorities in contributing to greater equality. For racial inequality

Effects of Migration Into Cities Free Essays

The effects of moving into a new city or town Today everybody is going in the glamorous world of cities where one can progress and make the best use of his or her life. Parents†¦.. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Migration Into Cities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Listen to their talks with their children. They say that my son or daughter will settle or go to abroad one day. And with this they start imagining and forcing their child to get highest degree and run away from where they are. Each parent today has this mentality that there is heaven like something in abroad and much else. There are many such examples to discuss. But for now one is enough I think. In terms of living a life in a new city there are many possibilities of advantages as well as disadvantages as can be seen in education, employment and settlement point of view. These three things can be much better improved in a city where there is much scope to put a step forward towards his or her aim. In a city each one who is settled there has only one intention to earn a gallon of paper notes and coins and live a luxurious and easy way of life. This luxurious life is expected by all people. But there is something called feeling of attachment. There is an attachment towards his or her native place. One cannot forget his or her childhood days or their neighbours and the love between them. Emotions are not allowed in a city or the town. Today since all the places are becoming industrialized there is no space for emotions but only profit. And because of this all the people are running after them. There is a great effect on especially the country. Since all the citizens are settled in abroad and the income they earn is of no use to the country, the country’s economic status lowers as compared to other countries. The newer generation is no longer staying in their native country specially India. India is full of corruption, they say. But it is not so. If the abroad based thinkers try, the situation can be changed. The major disadvantage of moving to a new city is the loss of attachment to the native place and their neighbours. From birth we are attached to our villages or town, its nature, its culture and its people. But as we move to a new area, far from ours, we cannot accept its culture and people very easily. We cannot adjust there due to our unforgettable habits with our ulture. As we move to a new city, we have to accept the people, the culture, and their behaviors and accordingly we have to adjust. But it is not so easy. Since the people are keenly interested in earning money and luxurious life they are ready to do anything for this. According to me, I can’t accept the concept of moving to a new place permanently. Because it affects our native place or country. Earlier during the British rule all the intelligent brains of India were sent out to England or the other countries out of India. So that the foreign countries would progress better in terms of technology. But with this, India had to suffer in its progression. Today after British rule is no longer still their mentality always exists in each Indian that to go to abroad but not to stay here in India. The aim of writing this article is to aware the people of not to go to abroad but it is better and much better to stay in your own country and sacrifice your talents to your people and their future. – Prachiti Ganpule SYBA, St. Xavier’s college, Mapusa Goa How to cite Effects of Migration Into Cities, Essay examples

Professional Engineering for Constructing Professional Portfolios

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Engineering for Constructing Professional Portfolios. Answer: Abstract Professional engineering is the collective of all actions and principles that ensure pure production of products and services through reducing, recycling, and reusing of engineering waste products to have a healthy public life. These engineering wastes result from some problems that require proper strategically engineering methods and framework. The standard frameworks used by engineers are deductive and abdicative of ideas that have the different lifetime in mind, ranging from short, mid to long-term period. Engineers are therefore obligated to control and ensure sustainable environment from the wastes such as mercury through maintaining and balancing the 3 Es that are Ecology, Economy, and Equity. Through the use of the 3 Es and the Maslows Hierarchy of human needs, companies can produce pure, products and services that are satisfying to the customers. Practically, engineers have developed three effective natural engineering technologies used in controlling the e-wastes; theses are bionics, biomimetics, and biomimicry. Professional Engineering Professional engineering is definable as any act that entails planning, designing, composing, evaluating, advising, reporting directing, and supervising that requires the application of engineering principles and concerns to safeguard the life, health, property, economic inters, public welfare and the environment (Ural, 2015).There are different problems faced by engineers that need engineers to steer their solution. Engineers use various formulas in solving the problems, such as problem variations that look at the structure and complexity and representations of the social, historical, and cultural contextual composition of the problem. The Individual Differences comprises the knowledge and the general problem-solving strategies. All these there, when added together, provide a better skill of solving the engineering problem. The problem solving demand an individual to determine the factors monitored and knowledge of the underlying factors. The general problem-solving strategy entails self-confidence motivation and perseverance that follows systematic process such logical, algorithmic, story-based, rule-using, decision making, troubleshooting, diagnosis, case analysis design dilemma. Problem-solving tend to be challenging without a proper framework in solving the issues while with proper structure people tend to develop and create confidence within them. The possible engineering framework assumes that all design is deductive to address all the repetitive types of problems since there is absolute knowledge on the topic. The abductive framework method deduces the solutions from the singular and definite. Without the successful approach to the engineering problems the most of the jobs get compromised; however, most of the skills are not transmitted efficiently to others through training. The training is dividable into short-term, mid-term and long-term. The short training pieces of information tend to lie on the mind memory based on the dialogue. The midterm lies on the conscious memory since it is baseson the logistic analysis while the long term since it situates more on the sub-conscious memory since it is the place where all the things found. A good idea can be lost, from memory and is be avoidable through proper understanding how the memories work. There are two memories that are implicit memory that requires continuous subconscious recall ability and explicit memory that requires recall on the issues that are in demand. The ideas should always be incubated in mind to enable easy retrieval them. Abstraction is the engineering approach that enables the management of complexity by suppressing the secondary elements and by emphasizing the critical elements. Abstraction allows the data represented to manage lower-order elements. The elements are in a classification of in taxonomy, axiomatic and thematic. Professional engineers have the obligation for promoting public welfare and promoting sustainable living by controlling e-Waste through reducing, reusing and recycling of the wastes. About 6.5 tonnes of e-Waste is realized per annum in Europe contains more than 1000 different toxic materials such as beryllium, cadmium, mercury, lead, arsenic and endocrine disruptors. For example, 1 gram of mercury can contaminate about 20 hectare lakes and therefore, it is within the engineers to design disciplines to stop the environmental issues actively. Due to the toxic substance, many countries around 172 came together under Basel Convention to ban the movements of the hazardous wastes across from developed to less developed countries. The bottom line theory contains the 3 Es are ecology, economy, and equity, that aims at having sustainable engineering. The ecological factors ensure that all engineering activities obey the natural laws through treating the wastes to sustain all the species (Eliot Turns, 2011). The process should be both financially and energy viable. The economy ensures that whatever products produced results to maximize profit through conducting a cheaper production method. All the aspects must be assuring equitability among all the employees through having higher earnings. The equitability ensures that there is pure social perspective among all employees and the employees with mutual respect to one another without favor on sexism or racism. The extreme points connect to one another to have a good balance model to have a bearable, sustainable, equitable, and viable production of safe products and services. The safe manufacturing and services emanate from the product service system. A system that aims at adding value to the content of both the product and services that are outcome-oriented service, use-oriented service and result-oriented service as like performed by Xerox US and Hitachi. The companies through the process developed took into account of the satisfaction of the human needs as explained by Maslow's Hierarchy of human needs that are of five levels that are physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. The physiological factors include food, water, sex, sleep, and excretion. The second level which is safety ensures the security of the body, resources, family, and property. The third stage is the love where an individual seeks friendship and intimacy from friends and family members. The fourth stage is the esteem where an individual gains self-esteem, confidence, and respects to one another while the last is the self-actualization where one can accept the facts and morality. Presentation of information is significant in engineering through proper visual skills, verbal skills, textual skills, legibility skills and enduring legacy .An analogy is used in creating and identifying the complexity that is all useful in the practical engineering. The analogy is divided into three different categories that are bionics, biomimetics, and biomimicry.Bionics a word convened by Dr. Jack E. Steele of the United States Air Force is the application of a biological method to engineering and technology, biometric is the transfer of functions from biology to the machine that entails replication by blind copying without insights into the living system. Currently, different items such as robots, military devised and medical engineering is associated with bionics/biometrics biomimicry are definable as the natural systems to solve complex human problems. Biomimicry uses an ecological standard to judge the rightness of our innovations through the use of naturally occurring speci es such as bacteria to aid waste treatment. The natural systems are effective since they use only the existing source of energy which is the sun, has no known concept of waste, promotes symbiosis, and has the most repository of proven designs that are known to human. References Eliot, M., Turns, J. (2011). Constructing Professional Portfolios: Sense-Making and Professional Identity Development for Engineering Undergraduates. Journal Of Engineering Education, 100(4), 630-654. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2011.tb00030.x Ural, N. (2015). Evaluation of Energy Conservation with Utilization of Marble Waste in Geotechnical Engineering. International Journal Of Waste Resources, 05(04). https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000189

adrienne clarkson essays

adrienne clarkson essays The wonderful thing about being Canadian is that despite our blemished history, we have shown we are capable of change. Attitudes in Canada dont stay entrenched. Her appointment was called a reflection of the diversity and inclusiveness of our society. Like sunlight through a window, Adrienne Clarkson has smoothly transcended the shadows of the cold, hardlined, 1940s Canada she was raised in, only to lead Canadian diversity into the third millennium. Nearly denied entry into Canada because of a law prohibiting Chinese entry into Canada, Clarkson has become the epitome of the successful Canadian immigrant. With the firing of artillery salutes and a flypast of CF-18 fighter jets, Mme Clarkson was installed as Canadas 26th Governor General and Commander-in-Chief in a Parliament Hill Ceremony on October 7, 1999, becoming the first visible minority and first immigrant to be appointed to the Vice Regal post. Stressing a sense of forgiveness and wholeness as characteristics of Canada, the new Governor General mentioned Grand Chief John Kellys view of the circle of the Ojibway expanding as Canadians of diverse backgrounds entered it. Her Ex cellency continued by suggesting That the aboriginal circle enlarges to include all of us native and immigrant arriving by boat and plane to a vast and beautiful land... Known for her outspokenness on issues such as cultural nationalism, Clarkson is only the second woman to be named Governor General and the first in twenty years to come from outside political ranks. Clarkson brings to the forefront a strong sense of nationalism, and personal pride in her own ethnicity. Her Canada is encompassing of Aboriginals and immigrants, English and French, East and West, and not only praises their contributions to Canada as a multiethnic society, but is representative of each and every one. Most importantly, s ...

Free Essays on Batchen

Historians of photography generally credit Niepce, Talbot and Deguerre as the inventors of this movement and technology. Geoffrey Batchen’s essay titled, Burning With Desire: The Conception of Photography, investigates the debates that encompass these historical issues. Batchen refers to the development of photography as being, â€Å"the greatest mystery†. In uncovering the mystery surrounding the development of photography, Batchen believes that we must try first to understand the timing of this invention, the desire of the inventor, and the difference between a process and discovery. Batchen explains how an Australian historian, Josef Maria Eder, deciphers the process of â€Å"discovery† paired with that of â€Å"invention†. Eder believes that â€Å"†¦the accidental can become confused with the conscious and the chemistry necessary in making of photographs with the actual idea of photography†. Lynn White further clarifies Eder’s statement by stating, â€Å"Apples have been dropping from trees for a considerable period before Newton discovered gravity: we must distinguish cause from occasion†. Both Lynn and Eder make the valid point that the desire to photograph nature has always been there. For example, everyone taking a walk in the woods must have thought at one point in time, â€Å"I wish I could take that image home with me†. Before photography was officially invented some of its basic components can be seen in images formed by the camera obscura and the chemistry needed to produce them (Batchen). Batchen urges his readers, when tracing the development of imaging and photo chemistry thought the 18th centaury, one must look at the many discoveries and experiments with light and silver compounds. Batchen believes that these discoveries lead to some of the earliest experiments toward the photography process. In order to further understand the invention and discoveries surrounding photography Batchen believes that one must exa... Free Essays on Batchen Free Essays on Batchen Historians of photography generally credit Niepce, Talbot and Deguerre as the inventors of this movement and technology. Geoffrey Batchen’s essay titled, Burning With Desire: The Conception of Photography, investigates the debates that encompass these historical issues. Batchen refers to the development of photography as being, â€Å"the greatest mystery†. In uncovering the mystery surrounding the development of photography, Batchen believes that we must try first to understand the timing of this invention, the desire of the inventor, and the difference between a process and discovery. Batchen explains how an Australian historian, Josef Maria Eder, deciphers the process of â€Å"discovery† paired with that of â€Å"invention†. Eder believes that â€Å"†¦the accidental can become confused with the conscious and the chemistry necessary in making of photographs with the actual idea of photography†. Lynn White further clarifies Eder’s statement by stating, â€Å"Apples have been dropping from trees for a considerable period before Newton discovered gravity: we must distinguish cause from occasion†. Both Lynn and Eder make the valid point that the desire to photograph nature has always been there. For example, everyone taking a walk in the woods must have thought at one point in time, â€Å"I wish I could take that image home with me†. Before photography was officially invented some of its basic components can be seen in images formed by the camera obscura and the chemistry needed to produce them (Batchen). Batchen urges his readers, when tracing the development of imaging and photo chemistry thought the 18th centaury, one must look at the many discoveries and experiments with light and silver compounds. Batchen believes that these discoveries lead to some of the earliest experiments toward the photography process. In order to further understand the invention and discoveries surrounding photography Batchen believes that one must exa...

Discuss the financing hierarchy view of corporate liquidity Essay

Discuss the financing hierarchy view of corporate liquidity - Essay Example Considering this relationship predicted by the hierarchy view, it is different from the trade-off view which argues that the relationship between the level of cash and investment maintained by an entity is direct. The hierarchy view also holds that firms raise their levels of cash reserves when they are confident about their future profitability and the fact that new opportunities will require excessive cash reserves (Tirole 2006). The empirical evidence in relation to the corporate policies on liquidity, based on the survey conducted by Deutsche Bank (2006), suggests that a significantly high level of companies surveyed, i.e. 18 percent, maintained liquid cash reserves which were more than 20 percent of their assets, whereas 38 percent survey participants had established credit lines over and above 20 percent of their assets’ value. On the other hand, one interesting finding from the survey revealed that about 50 percent of the participants signified their indifference towards changing liquidity position, had there been no new opportunities in the market (Servaes and Tufano 2006). Thus, holding of cash cannot be deemed for availing new investment opportunities and this is where empirical evidence departs from hierarchy view of corporate liquidity

The Art of English - Everyday Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Art of English - Everyday Creativity - Essay Example For example, one sentence, the ship ploughs through the waves, indicates that the ship is moving slowly through the blocking high waves because the high storm waves are creating a strong resistance to the ship’s current path. The sentence should be literally interpreted as the ship is using a plough tool to plough the ocean, just like a farmer who literally ploughs the farm with the plough tool (Maybin & Swann 2006, p. 46). Further, Cameron discusses that some metaphors are so common that people do not realise they are metaphors. For example, the phase it is on the news today indicates that the topic is being discussed in the news. The people will realise that the phrase does not literally mean the â€Å"it† is on the news just like the glass is on the table (Maybin & Swann 2006, p. 47). In addition, Cameron observes that the people have different reasons for using metaphor. Most individuals use metaphor to improve understanding of the senders’ messages. For exam ple, the child states that his tummy has a fire engine to send a clearer message that the child has a stomach ache (Maybin & Swann 2006, p. 50). Another example, †¦ information on which we can build on., indicates that the information is used as a starting point for another activity. The phrase does not literally mean to build on something like placing a pen on a book (Maybin & Swann 2006, p. 50). ... The author offers different variations of how a metaphor is used. Further, the author discusses many types of metaphor uses. The author even goes down the level of children to make the article very interesting. The part about the lollipop trees metaphor brings up the readers’ mind to imagine when they were just little kids. As kids, lollipops were real treasures. The children felt momentarily happy when licking a lollipop. Further, the author correctly creates interest in the mind of the readers when she describes how the simple word on can be used to catapult the on word to a more artistic level by joining the word with other words to form the metaphor †¦build on. The author’s use of another metaphor, the ship ploughs through the waves, explains the creativity benefits of using metaphor. The author compares the ship’s plough activity with the farmer’s plough activity indicating that the effect of the ship’s plough of the sea has the same diffi culty that is experienced by the farmer as the farmer ploughs the farm land. Consequently, the readers will easily understand the concept of metaphor. The same author rightfully explains why her work is well written. The author reiterates that the metaphor brings two different ideas together to generate further sense, seeing one thing in terms of something else (Cameron 2009, p. 3). The author enlightens her metaphor concept by writing another book. The other book gives more examples on the benefits of using metaphor. The mediocre reader will not resist the persuasive discussion of Cameron to include metaphor words in their daily lives because she is so swift, direct, credible, and true in her presentation of the topic. Types of evidence used to support the

American women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American women - Essay Example Women without a college degree were not considered for any form of employment and so any women who wanted a career of any description had no choice but to attain a college degree. It was at this time that women started to introduce themselves into banking and accountancy but women diplomats, barristers and judges were non existent. In the years following World War 11 the number of students wanting to attend college exploded with soldiers returning from war and children from the baby boomerçâ€" ´ era attaining school age. As a result, the number of educational facilities increased and co-education became prevalent.During the 1960s and 1970s , Due to Social And Legislative Changes, Several Institutions Of Higher Education That Had Been Previously All-Male Opened Their Doors To Women(Harwarth, Maline & DeBra, archived). The situation, of course, is vastly different now with all students, regardless of gender or racial status having the same opportunities in higher education. The prime example is that we now have an African American President. Woman, now, participate in previously male dominated occupations such as mathematics and computer and physical sciences. Studies of four year term female colleges have shown that,ä ¹Æ'hey Have Conferred Upon Women Equal or Larger Portions of Bachelor Degrees in Male Dominated Fields Than The Norm.(Harwart, Maline & DeBra, archived). Harwarth, Irene, Maline, Mindi. DeBra, Elizabeth.(archived information).åŸÅ"omens Colleges In The United States:History,Issues and ChallengesThe Womens College Coalition. Retrieved from

Structure and Development of Curriculum

Structure and Development of Curriculum Introduction The curriculum is not a simple word that can be defined; it is a discipline that consists of many factors that ultimately create the curriculum. Upon reading further into this subject, it has become obvious that the curriculum is a complex field and is more likely to reveal that many authors, scholars, academic writers each have a definition describing what the curriculum best means to them or its best definition in the context they discuss. This paper will focus on the Australian Curriculum and will attempt to address issues such as the various definitions of the curriculum, the purpose or goal of the curriculum, how the curriculum is developed, the structure of the curriculum, how the curriculum is influenced by different learning theories, the processes of teaching, learning and assessment and how the curriculum relates to 21st Century learners. Incorporating these factors and understanding this information will allow the reader to formulate his or her own educated definition of t he curriculum whilst recognising the primary features which influence learning within our schools. Definition of Curriculum and its Stakeholders Several definitions surround the meaning of curriculum; to get an overview of the definition we can throw relevant words together such as plan, objective, content, subject matter, opportunities, guidelines, framework, experiences or strategies, although in order to make sense of these words and their relationship to the curriculum we must connect these words in a logical pattern. Authors and academics Brady Kennedy (2010, p.5) simply state In seeking to understand better the role of the curriculum in the 21st century, the purpose should be to ensure that children and young people are well equipped to handle whatever it is that this century will call them to do and be, in other words, there must be a common interest and a common bond by all those involved, while Marsh and Willis (2007, as cited in Marsh, 2010, p.93) define curriculum as an interrelated set of plans and experiences which a student completes under the guidance of the school. Other definitions of the curriculum arise, d ependant on the stakeholders in question, these stakeholders are people who have an interest in the curriculum, its formation and its delivery. The business community feel that the curriculum must be able to support students in their future employment opportunities while preparing them for the economic needs of society (Brady Kennedy, 2010) and parent groups are concerned that the curriculum could be manipulated by government bodies for academic analysis instead of concentrating on equipping their children with the appropriate knowledge and experiences for a successful future (Brady Kennedy, 2010). ACARA (2010c) describes the new National curriculum as a broad scope and sequence of core learning. Critical decisions about the total educational program and how it will be implemented and adapted to meet the needs and interests of students will be the responsibility of education authorities, schools, teachers, parents and students Marsh (2010, p.24) provides a list of stakeholders with whom the National Curriculum Board (NCB), now known as the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) consults Government Federal/State Minister for Education, Council of Australian Governments, Premiers, State/Territory ministers, Federal opposition, State/Territory opposition Education authorities Government and Non-Government Schools, Australasian Curriculum, Assessment and Certification Authorities (ACACA), Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR). Professional associations Unions, Business, Employers School-based Principals, Administrators, Teachers, Students Community Parents, Parent groups, Parent Associations Tertiary Sector Universities, TAFE, Industry training sectors, Academics From this information it is evident that the curriculum is complex, detailed and is influenced by many groups. Fundamentally, it is a plan that consists of goals/aims, content and achievement standards for each subject to be taught within Australian schools, in other words, the curriculum is a planned description of the what, how and when of teaching, learning and assessment. Understanding the foundation of curriculum, we can now concentrate on the goal of the curriculum WHO is it for and WHAT do we expect from our education system and for young Australian citizens? The purpose or goal of the Curriculum and Education Curriculum must be of direct relevance to the childs social, cultural, environmental and economic context and to his or her present and future needs and take full account of the childs evolving capacities; teaching methods should be tailored to the different needs of different children (UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment 1 as cited in Sullivan Keeney, 2008, p.38). In order to understand the goal or purpose of education, we must understand who we are directing our learning to. Acknowledging the diversity of learners will assist in identifying the scope and range of the content to be covered by the curriculum. Brady and Kennedy (2010, p.38) state Teachers must examine the curriculum carefully to ensure it does not exclude the diverse experiences that students bring with them to the classroom. More positively, the curriculum should highlight those experiences and make them the basis for discovery and learning. The K-12 National Curriculum is directed towards students developing their knowledge and understanding of the major disciplines Mathematics, English, Science and History to enable students to further their knowledge and specialise in fields through further tertiary education. Further to this, the curriculum provides the foundation that allows young Australian citizens to deal confidently with issues that arise and enables them to make informed decisions regarding social and personal matters. (EQUITY) ACARA is responsible for the development of the Australian curriculum from Kindergarten to Year 12. ACARAs work with the Australian curriculum is directed by the 2008 Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians. This declaration commits to supporting learners with quality education and providing them with the skills necessary for future endeavours (ACARA, 2009a). The Australian curriculum will outline the scope and sequence of key learning areas, in other words WHAT and WHEN it is to be taught at schools, although teachers will ultimately make the decision on HOW to organise, structure and deliver this information to benefit each and every students learning experience (ACARA, 2009b). The educational goals for young Australian citizens focus on creating successful learners such as developing their capacity to be creative, resourceful and motivated individuals, to be able to think, obtain and evaluate evidence, work independently and in teams, be able to communicat e ideas, utilise current technology and be able to make informed decisions and gain the necessary skills regarding their learning and employment directions. These goals also aim to create confident individuals by providing the tools that promote a sense of self-awareness to be able to manage all facets of their wellbeing, develop values such as honesty, empathy and respect for themselves and others, form personal, social and professional relationships and have the confidence to pursue further education and training. In addition, becoming active and informed citizens is addressed through the cross-curriculum dimensions, which aim to instil an understanding and appreciation for Australias indigenous history and diverse culture and sustaining and improving our natural and social surroundings (ACARA, 2009b). So far we have discussed what the curriculum is and how it can be defined, the major influences on the curriculums development, namely the stakeholders and the purpose or goals of the curriculum and education. Before we discuss the structure and development of the curriculum, it is important to be aware of where and how the curriculum originated and why the curriculum is structured the way it is. Structure and Development of the Curriculum The structure of the curriculum and how it is developed caters for the wide range of stakeholders involved while endeavouring to achieve the best learning outcomes for Australian students. The core-curriculum was developed through the Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) by the former Director, Malcolm Skilbeck in 1980. The 24-page document attempted to reconceptualise the existing school subjects within a social-reconstructionist framework (Marsh, 2010, p.11). Even though parts of the core-curriculum were adopted in NSW, WA and NT, the development did not continue due to a lack of funding for the CDC. As the decades passed, many attempts at developing a national curriculum failed to make it successfully through its journey, finally in 2008, under the Rudd Government, a National Curriculum Board (NCB) was created to develop a National Curriculum for students Kindergarten to Year 12, consisting of four Key Learning Areas (KLAs) Mathematics, English, History and Science, with additiona l components of general capabilities and cross-curriculum dimensions working alongside these KLAs (Marsh, 2010). ACARA (2009c) was created to oversee the successful development of the Kindergarten to Year 12 Curriculum, plus the Senior Secondary Curriculum and the Early Years Curriculum Framework. Below outlines the four stages involved in the development of the Australian Curriculum Kindergarten to Year 12. Curriculum shaping stage- This involves the development of the draft shape paper, where expert advice is requested and endorsed by ACARAs board for public feedback. This creates the final shape paper, consisting of an outline of the Australian curriculum including design advice for learning areas. Curriculum writing stage A team consisting of writers, curriculum experts, and ACARA curriculum staff developing the Australian curriculum. The information includes content description and achievement standards; to achieve this, the team refers to national and international research on curriculum, while also referring to current state and territory curriculums. After public feedback and necessary modifications, the Australian curriculum for the particular learning area is ready for publication. Implementation stage Implementation plans are developed by ACARA and state/territory curriculum and school authorities (ACARA, 2010b) Evaluation and review stage Implementation feedback is reviewed carefully via processes that monitor this information. Below is a visual snapshot of the components included in the National Curriculum to be implemented in the year 2011. Australian curriculum graph.png Source: (ACARA, 2009a) Each KLA contains a statement of rationale, aims, content structure and descriptions, and achievement standards. Statement of rationale Overview of the particular subject Aims What students will achieve from this subject Content structure/organisation How the subject is arranged/designed and the information involved Content description specifies what teachers are expected to teach for each learning area at each year level, also provides the scope and sequence of teaching Achievement standards describes the quality of learning e.g. the understanding, knowledge and skill students are required to achieve at each year level. While the National curriculum will keep the original structure of scope and sequence for the KLAs, it is evident the new curriculum has become more detailed and involved, by introducing general capabilities and cross-curriculum dimensions in addition to the KLAs, teachers may find it difficult to be able to get through all the required content in the time allocated, while some may require further intensive training to increase their knowledge in certain areas such as History. Few primary teachers have a sufficient background in History and that they will require concentrated training to develop academic and pedagogical knowledge in History (Harris-Hart, 2009 as cited in Marsh, 2010, p.26), although ACARA (2010c) states the key focus during curriculum development is on depth of learning and not breadth of learning, so as not to overcrowd the curriculum. Since the Australian Curriculum has been collated from different components of the eight state/territory curriculums currently in ope ration, they have maintained the KLAs, added general capabilities and cross-curriculum dimensions while keeping the existing structure for sequencing within the learning areas. (REFERENCE) For example, the NSW curriculum comprises of six KLAs for primary school and eight KLAs for secondary school. Below is a visual snapshot of the NSW Primary syllabus. http://k6.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/images/time_on_each_subject.jpg Source: (NSW-BOS, 2008) Schools in New South Wales use the Kindergarten to Year 10 Curriculum Framework as the foundation of what, how and when the content is to be taught, although the NSW Board of Studies acknowledges that schools and teachers take responsibility for the way in which the content is organised and delivered (NSW-BOS, 2002a). NSW primary teachers use the NSW Primary Curriculum Foundation Statements to find out what needs to be taught in each subject. The six subjects within the NSW curriculum are English, Mathematics, Science and Technology, Personal Development, Health and Physical Education (PDHPE), Human Society and Its Environment (HSIE) and Creative arts (NSW-BOS, 2002b), while the Australian Curriculum takes into consideration two new components that will enhance the learning process by working alongside the four KLAs, these components are ten (10) general capabilities and three (3) cross-curriculum dimensions. The ten (10) general capabilities are: literacy, numeracy, information and communication technology, thinking skills, ethical behaviour, creativity, self-management, teamwork, intercultural understanding and social competence. The three (3) cross-curriculum dimensions are: Indigenous history and culture, Asia and Australias engagement with Asia and Sustainability (ACARA, 2010a). Conclusion The Curriculum is a planned description of the what, how and when of teaching, learning and assessment, it is the foundation for learners, students and teachers while being influenced by the many stakeholders that want a share/input in the direction of the Curriculum. The structure and development of the Australian Curriculum includes many components such as teaching, learning and assessment which have focused on the depth of learning not the breadth. Throughout this paper it is also evident that the Australian Curriculum has been influenced by the theories of teaching and learning from several theorists such as Piaget, Bloom, Krathwohl, Vygotsky, Bruner and Maslows taxonomy. In addition, we must keep in mind that by understanding our students changing nature and their diversities, the Australian Curriculum has the opportunity to be in the forefront of teaching and learning in the 21st Century.

A Brief Timeline of Black Civil Rights in America Essay -- African-Amer

A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The struggle for equality has been a battle fought for hundreds of years. Documents such as The Declaration of Independence, dating back to 1776, state that all men are created equal, and among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surely we know that in fact all men were not seen as equal because issues such as slavery and white superiority existed as well as discrimination issues that still exist to some extent today. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1865, The 13th Amendment was established which abolished slavery, but did not grant blacks equality. D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Government was still extremely biased when meeting to make Amendments. They were quoted as saying â€Å"We hold this to be a government of white people†¦to benefit white people†¦and no Africans can be a U.S. citizen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though slavery was abolished with the 13th Amendment, issues such as Black Codes and the struggles of the Freedmens Bureau were definitely pres...